Section 2 Reading Comprehension(In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfinished statements about the passage, each with 4 (A, B, C and D) choices to answer the question or complete the statement You must choose the one which you think fits best Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.)
1.Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence of food reserves in the home, and a chronic shortage of cash.These conditions reduce the possibility of effective participation in the larger economic system.As a response to these conditions, we find in the culture of poverty a high incidence of pawning personal goods, borrowing from local money-lenders at higher rates of interest, spontaneous informal credit devices organized by neighbors, the use of second-hand clothing and furniture, and the pattern of frequent buying of small quantities of food many times a day as the need arises. People with a culture of poverty produce very little wealth and receive very little in return.They have a low level of literacy and education, usually do not belong to labor unions, are not members of political parties, generally do not participate in the national welfare agencies，and make very little use of banks, hospitals, department stores，museums or art galleries.They have a critical attitude toward some of the basic institutions of the dominant classes, hatred of the police, mistrust of government and those in high position, and a cynicism which extends even to the church.This gives the culture of poverty a high potential for protest and for being used in political movements aimed against the existing social order. People with a culture of poverty are aware of middle-class values, talk about them and even claim some of them as their own, but on the whole, they do not live by them.Thus, it is important to distinguish between what they say and what they do.For example, many will tell you that marriage by law, by the church, or by both is the ideal form of marriage, but few will marry.To men who have no steady jobs or other sources of income, who do not own property and have no wealth to pass on to their children, who are present-time-oriented and who want to avoid the expense and legal difficulties involved in formal marriage and divorce, free unions or consensual marriages make a lot of sense.Women will often turn down offers of marriage because they feel it ties them down to men who are immature, punishing and generally unreliable.Women feel that consensual union gives them a better break; it gives them some of the freedom and flexibility that men have.By not giving the fathers of their children legal status as husbands, the women have a stronger claim on their children if they decide to leave their men.It also gives women exclusive rights to a house or any other property they may own.
【正确答案-参考解析】：参加考试可见2.Information will be the greatest opportunity for business leaders in the coming years —and perhaps our biggest headache.Since the dawn of the Internet, all of us in business have been swept up by the Niagara of information that fills our daily life.Real-life updates from the Hang Seng index; photos shared around the world seconds after they've been taken; customized maps and directions delivered to you even as you drive.It is all breathtaking. But for the leaders in business, the information surge has triggered its own unintended consequences, especially for those over 40.Today new employees arrive on their first day with an alarming amount of know-it-all.They have already read about you, and the online critiques of your plans, strategies and management style.The bloggers and the twitters — all receiving steady streams of in-house gossip — analyze, assess and ridicule every business moment.In this environment, traditional management is impossible.The hierarchical, layered structures in which company information is carefully managed and then selectively passed down the line have crumbled.The online era has made command-and-control management as another dial-up Internet. Although decision-making has always been the task of a leader, it has become harder. The online world has guaranteed that every remark about your business and every change you implement will trigger a viral frenzy of second-guessing.Borrowing from the black bag of politics, your competitors will also be spreading their version of “opposition research”, feeding the blogosphere with critiques of your leadership. So the greatest task for leadership in business is the ability to cut through the information clutter and make clear decisions without apology.More than at any time, employees need unequivocal direction.Leaders should not only grow a thicker skin, but also understand how important they can be to their own team by interpreting both the news and the disinformation.When some CEOs spoke to an audience, they were often required to talk about their reaction to some recent press story or the latest legislative debate.These are wonderful opportunities for leadership.Employees, investors, customers and business partners are heartened by those who can sift through the flood of opinion and clearly communicate what matters — and what doesn't 一 to the enterprise. Of course, communication cannot be a one-way street.The central role of information in business life has made two other much neglected leadership tasks more urgent. The first is listening.Listening to your employees at every level is one of the best paths to new insights.Precisely because the Internet has made information so plentiful, your own team is likely to be full of ideas that should be tapped into. The second obligation that information creates for executives is to identify and mentor thought leaders.It is pressing to find those employees who have the ability to digest and interpret information for others. The flood of information is only going to rise.Leadership will increasingly mean leveraging that information, clarifying it, and using it to advance your strategy, engage customers and motivate employees.Business stakeholders are interested not only in your products and services, but also in your ideas.
【正确答案-参考解析】：参加考试可见Section 3 Cloze Test(In the following passage, there are 20 blanks representing words that are missing from the context.Below the passage，each blank has 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D respectively.There is only ONE right answer.Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.)
1.The word “brick” did not appear in the English language before the 15th century.Bricks_______(91) have been known in Britain before then, but they were not _______(92)enough to be mentioned by any writer.We know that they were used in ancient Egypt, in India, and in the Roman_______(93); they were used again in parts of Europe; but there is a strange _______(94) in the history of brick-making which left Britain, at_______(95)， without bricks for building for several hundred years.When they did arrive in Britain，it was in a very_______(96) way. In the 15th century, Britain's wool trade was_______ (97) flourishing, and shiploads of wool were exported to other countries, among them, Germany and Holland.These ships would have had to return empty,_______(98) their captains were able to pick up a_______(99) cargo, and no captain likes an empty ship.For_______(100) thing, it is difficult to_______(101) in stormy weather; for another thing, it is a great waste of space. So_______(102) than return home with an empty ship, the captains would_______(103) up with anything, and at about this time, somebody had the idea of loading the home-bound ships with_______(104).These were already being used_______(105) in Holland and Germany, where the brick-makers were anxious to sell their surplus_______(106). These bricks must have been a godsend to the builders of London and southeast England.There was very Of good building_______(107) building stone in that part of the country, and stocks _______(108) were running_______(109).Bricks were first used for the big houses of rich people living in the countryside, and only later for town houses and _______(110) cottages.
【正确答案-参考解析】：参加考试可见
