Section 2 Reading Comprehension(In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfinished statements about the passage, each with 4 (A, B, C and D) choices to answer the question or complete the statement You must choose the one which you think fits best Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.)
1.According to UNICEF, around 564 million Indians, nearly half the population, still defecate in the open - in fields, forests, next to ponds, along highway medians and on the beach. That spreads diseases and causes other public and personal problems. It is no accident that “Toilet” opens with a beautifully lit scene of women trudging out of their village right before sunrise, each one carrying a little brass jug of water to wash with. They are traveling in a group for safety. Rural women sometimes endure taunts and even sexual assault when they relieve themselves outdoors, so they travel in small groups, often before dawn, for protection. “This is a real problem,” said Jagmati Sangwan, a women’s rights advocate. “So many women, especially landless women, face a lot of violence when they go to the bathroom outside." Tb avoid being leered at during the day, some women hold on for hours for darkness to fall. Waiting that long can create health problems, particularly for pregnant women, who are highly susceptible to urinary tract infections, experts say. A recent study found a troubling correlation between pregnant mothers who had no toilet facilities and low birth weight. Not helping matters, hard-liners with the governing Bharatiya Janata Party, Or B.J.P, have photographed women who relieve themselves outside in an effort to shame them. Earlier this year, a man who stood up for such women was beaten to death. Government officials say they have spent $4 billion to help install 50 million toilets so far, building community latrines and providing subsidies for people to put them in their homes. The Modi government runs a website bestowing on top-Performing villages a special "ODF" (Open Defecation Free) status. Their efforts have earned praise abroad.Bill Gates, the billionaire co-founder of Microsoft, wrote on his blog: “I can’t think of another time when a national leader has broached such a sensitive topic so frankly and so publicly. Even better, Modi backed up his words with actions.” But Mr. Modi’s detractors say there may be more emphasis on image than deed, and that in many areas party apparatchiks are so eager to fall in line with the prime minister’s directives that they are putting up latrines that are not connected to sewers or septic systems. several businessmen in New Delhi said government agencies are in such a rush that they are awarding contracts left and right with little oversight and often to businesses that know nothing about sanitation. According to Indian news reports, countless rupees have disappeared in shady toilet deals. Sanitation specialists say that with less than 5 percent of India’s nearly 8,000 cities and towns having sewage treatment plants, it is far from clear where all the waste will go. “There’s a blind scramble to make a toilet, Whether it is usable or not,” said Bezwada Wilson, an official with the Sanitation Workers’Movement, an advocacy organization. “It has become a business, and resulted in the corporatization of the toilet.”
【正确答案-参考解析】：参加考试可见2.The absence of no-fault divorce in England and Wales looks updated. People stay in loveless marriages for many reasons: anxiety about the impact of splitting up on their children; financial dependency on a spouse; fear of loneliness. Tina Owens is stuck in hers because a judge refused to give her a divorce. She said that her husband’s treatment of her, including scolding her in front of their housekeeper and ignoring her over a meal, amounted to unreasonable behavior, grounds for divorce.
The judge, however, disagreed, saying they were “minor altercations...to be expected in a marriage”. Since her husband has refused to consent to the break-up, she must wait five years. Ms. Owens has asked the Court of Appeal to overturn the ruling. Her position would be simpler if England and Wales did not insist on blame being part of divorce. As well as unreasonable behavior, marital breakdown can be demonstrated by evidence of adultery or desertion. The alternative is at least two year’s separation. But the notion of fault is often little more than a charade.
Kerstin Beyer, a family lawyer, cites a case where the“unreasonable” behavior involved the wife pursuing an “independent social life”. Insisting that somebody must be to blame makes an already difficult process harder. This week Lord Wilson, a Supreme Court judge, added his voice to those calling for “no-fault” divorce.
Others in favor include Sir James Munby, president of the family division of the High Court, Lady Hale, another Supreme Court justice, most of those working in family law and organizations such as Relate, a charity that provides relationship counselling.
In 1996 the government tried to introduce no-fault divorce, but the legislation was repealed in 2001 after requirements on the parties to attend “information meetings” to encourage reconciliation proved unworkable. In 2015 Richard Bacon, a Conservative MP, introduced a private members’ bill proposing no-fault divorce with a year’s cooling-off period, but it failed to get a second reading.
There has always been a sensitivity around the notion of undermining marriage, says Nigel Lowe, an emeritus professor of law at Cardiff University who is also a member of the Commission on European Family Law, a group of academics. This is clear in debates over same-sex and civil unions. Opponents of no-fault divorce worry that it might make ending marriage too easy.
Other countries, such as America, the Netherlands and even largely Catholic Spain allow couples to divorce without allocating blame. The evidence from elsewhere suggests that fears of a spike in divorces may be overblown. Scotland, England’s closest neighbor geographically and jurisdictionally, introduced no-fault divorce in 2006. In the next two years the divorce rate rose, Perhaps as some previously made to wait hurried through their split. But then it continued to fall.
If both parties want to break up, Mr. Lowe asks, Why should it be in the state’s interest to hold up the process? Sorting out the division of assets and arranging for the custody and future care of children are always the hardest aspects of ending any marriage. Eliminating questions of who is to blame for the split would allow those involved to focus on dealing with these.
【正确答案-参考解析】：参加考试可见Section 3 Cloze Test(In the following passage, there are 20 blanks representing words that are missing from the context.Below the passage，each blank has 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D respectively.There is only ONE right answer.Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.)
1.How generous is an ape? This generosity may have been______(91) to the survival of our early ancestors______(92) lived in small bands of hunter-gatherers. Dr. Krupenye and his colleagues tested the generosity of bonobos.
The researchers designed an experiment that could provide strong evidence that bonobos could give things to each other simply______(93) generosity - rather than being pressured into doing so, or expecting some sort of immediate payback. For their experiment, the researchers______(94) advantage of the fact______(95) the Lola Ya Bonobo apes have learned to crack open palm nuts with rocks.______(96) a rock, they have to gnaw on the nuts for a long time to get them out of their shell. The scientists put one bonobo in a cage with five nuts. In an adjacent cage, a______(97) bonobo - a stranger to the first one - had two rocks but no nuts. The cages were connected by a window. The bonobos were free to bring gifts to the window______(98) to each other - or to ignore their______(99). The researchers found that the bonobos with the nuts proved generous. In 18 percent of the trials, the bonobos with the nuts handed one through the window to their neighbor, a rate that showed their______(100)to give food to others. But the bonobos in the other cage almost______(101) returned the favor. They refused to pass one of their rocks through the window.
In______(102) experiment, Dr. Krupenye experienced their______(103) of generosity firsthand.Each bonobo would sit in a cage, with a mesh wall ______(104) in front of the door to the hallway. A colleague would ______(105) a stick into the cage near the bonobo and leave. Then Dr. Krupenye would come to the doorway and beg for the stick. He would reach ______(106) his arm, plaintively calling the bonobo’s name. The bonobos almost never handed Dr. Krupenye the stick. In fact,sometimes they seemed to tease him. “They will put it through the mesh a little bit and then pull it back when I’m trying to reach for it," said Dr. Krupenye.
The work of Dr. Krupenye and others makes______(107) clear that humans aren’t unique in their generosity. It’s possible that our common ancestor with bonobos and chimpanzees was already prosocial, at least______(108) a limited extent. This versatility may have______(109) early in our lineage, producing traits that encouraged more sharing. It leads______(110) to have generous inclinations without any coaching.
【正确答案-参考解析】：参加考试可见
